Direct Speech and Indirect Speech (Statement)

A.   Pengertian Direct dan Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)

Ø  Direct speech

Suatu kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara yang dalam penulisannya disertai dengan tanda aphostrof (“) di awal dan akhir kalimatnya sebagaimana teks dialog atau percakapan. Contoh: Andi says to me: “you are the most beautifull in our class”

Ø  Indirect speech

Suatu kalimat yang menggambarkan perkataan orang lain atau dirinya sendiri secara tidak langsung (tidak persis seperti yang dikatakan pada saat diucapkan). Seperti jika kita merubah contoh kalimat di atas maka indirect speechnya menjadi:  Andi says to me that I the most beautifull in the our class.

       Baik kalimat direct maupun indirect speech terdiri dari dua unsur yakni induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Induk kalimat (introduce phrase) adalah seperti yang berwarna merah, sedangkan anak kalimat (reported words) adalah yang berwarna biru.

B.   Jenis  Kalimat dalam Direct dan Indirect Speech

1.       Kalimat Berita / Pernyataan (Declarative / Statement)

2.       Kalimat Perintah (Command)

3.       Kalimat Pertanyaan (Question)

Tetapi kali ini kita hanya membahas mengenai Kalimat Pernyataan (Statement), berikut beberapa penjelasan beserta contohnya :

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :

He said

He said to me                    that + reported words

He told me

Example :

a.       Direct    : Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”

Indirect                : Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

b.      Direct    : Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow.

Indirect                : Father said that he was going out of town the following day.

c.       Direct    : Mary told John “my father warned me last night”

Indirect                : Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.

Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.

C.    Aturan perubahan Direct and Indirect Speech

Sering kali kita dibingungkan dengan perubahan kalimat dari direct speech ke indirect speech dalam hal perubahan tenses, subjek objek, serta tempat dan waktu. Berikut aturan perubahannya:

1.     Perubahan Tenses

No.	Kelompok Tenses	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
1.	Present	Simple Present Tense	Simple Past Tense
		Present Continuous Tense	Past Continuous Tense
		Present Perfect Tense	Past Perfect Tense
		Present Perfect Continous Tense	Past Perfect Continous Tense
2.	Past	Simple Past Tense	Past Perfect Tense
		Past Contonous Tense	Past Perfect Continous
		Past Perfect Tense	Past Perfect Tense
		Past Perfect Continous Tense	Past Perfect Continous Tense
3.	Future	Simple Future Tense	Simple Past Future Tense
		Future Continuous Tense	Past Future Continous Tense
		Future Perfect Tense	Past Future Perfect Tense
		Future Perfect Continous Tense	Past Future Perf. Continous Tense
4.	Past Future	Simple Past Future Tense	Past Future Perfect Tense
		Past Future Continous Tense	Past Future Perf. Continous Tense
		Past Future Perfect Tense	Past Future Perfect Tense
		Past Future Perf. Continous Tense	Past Future Perf. Continous Tense

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut ini :

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
1.	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
2.	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
3.	Am/is/are	Was/were
4.	Do/does	Did
5.	Do/does not	Did not
6.	Did not	Had not + V3
7.	Was/were	Had been
8.	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
9.	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10.	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11.	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12.	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

2.     Perubahan keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).

No.	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
1.	Now	Then
2.	Today	That day
3.	Tonight	That night
4.	This week	That week
5.	Yesterday	The day before
6.	The day before yesterday	Two days before
7.	Last night	The night before
8.	Last week/year	The previous week / year
9.	A year ago	A year before / The previous year
10.	Three years ago	Three years before
11.	Tomorrow	The next day / The following day
12.	The day after tomorrow	In two day’s time / The following day
13.	Next week / Year	The following week / year
14.	On sunday	On sunday
15.	Here	There
16.	This book	The book
17.	This	That
18.	These	Those
19.	Over there	Over there
20.	..... ago	.... before / ... earlier

EXERCISE

I.              Changes of the direct speech to the indirect speech (statement) !

1.       Direct    : Putra said to me “Your friend has just left.”

Indirect                : ....

a.       He told me that my friend has just left.

b.      He told me that your friend had just left.

c.       He told me that my friend had just left.

d.      He told me that your friend had been just left.

Answer is “C”

Because : Verb yang digunakan pada direct adalah simple present perfect tense ( S + has) maka disesuaikan menjadi verb simple past perfect tense ( S + had). Dan “your friend” diubah menjadi “my friend” setelah kata tidak langsung diucapkan.

            2.       “I begin to understand the concept of Statistic”, Fariz said.

a.       He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Statistic.

b.      He said that he began to understand the concept of Statistic.

c.       He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Statistic.

d.      He told me that he begin to understand the concept of Statistic.

Answer is “B”

Because : Direct speech berupa statement (pernyataan) dengan verb simple present tense (S + V1). Pada indirect verb diubah menjadi simple past tense (S + V2), (penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan merupakan past conversation).

3.       “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”

a.       He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

b.      He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west.

c.       He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

d.      He asked if the sun rise in the east and set in the west.

Answer is “A”

Because : Verb simple present tense pada direct tidak berubah (menjadi past) karena pernyataan tersebut berupa general truth. Maka kita hanya mengubah tanda aphostrof (“) menjadi kata penghubung (that).

4.       Fitri said to me ”I met your mother last week in the supermarket”

He said me that ...

a.       I met your mother last week in the supermarket.

b.      She had met my mother that week in the supermarket.

c.       She had met my mother the week before in the supermarket.

d.      I had met your mother last week in the supermarket.

Answer is “C”

Because : Verb direct menggunakan tenses Simple past tense (S+V2) menjadi indirect Simple pas perfect tense (S+had+V3), dan keterangan waktu “Last week” berubah menjadi “the week before”.

5.       Teacher said to opang, “You are not listening to me”

What the teacher said to opang?

a.       Teacher said that you are not listening to her.

b.      Teacher said that you were not listening to her.

c.       Teacher said that he was not listening to her.

d.      Teacher said he had not been listening to her.

Answer is “C”

Because : Direct menggunakan Simple present continous tense (S + to be + not + V1 ing) maka berubah menjadi Simple past continous tense (S + was/were + not + V1ing).

6.       Tika        : “I am sorry, Mut. I forgot to bring your novel today”.

Shelen  : “What did she say, Mut?”

Mutia    : “.....”

a.       Tika said to me that she has forgotten to bring my novel that day.

b.      Tika said to me that she had forgotten to bring my novel that day.

c.       Tika said to me that she forgets to bring my novel that day.

d.      Tika said to me that she would forget to bring my novel that day.

Answer is “B”

Because : Direct verb pada Tika menggunakan tense Simple past tense (S + V2) maka saat dikatakan oleh Mutia, tense berubah menjadi Simple past perfect tense (S + had + V2), dan keterangan waktu berubah menjadi “that day”.

7.       Mommy said to me, “I’ll be in Singapore on Monday”

a.       My mom said to me that she would be in Singapore on Monday.

b.      My mom told to me she was being in Singapore on Monday.

c.       My mom told to me she will have been in Singapore on Monday.

d.      My mom said to me that I would be in Singapore on Monday.

Answer is “A”

Because : Pada direct menggunakan tense Simple future tense (S + will + V1), maka berubah menjadi tense Simple past future tense (S + would + V1), terdapat ket. waktu “On Monday” itu salah satu ket. waktu yang tidak mengalami perubahan.

8.       Bagus said to Ilham, “I have been writing letters”.

Bagus answered to Ilham that ...

a.       He has writing letters.

b.      He would been writing letters.

c.       He has been writing letters.

d.      He had been writing letters.

Answer is “D”

Because : Direct menggunakan tense Ssimple present perfect continous tense (S + have/has + been + V1 ing) berubah menjadi Simple past perfect continous tense (S + had + been + V1 ing).

9.       Tya said, "I am very happy today because my father has given me a  smart phone.”

a.       Tya said that she was very happy today because her father has given her a smartphone.

b.      Tya said that she is very happy today because her father has given her a smartphone.

c.       Tya said that she was very happy that day because her father has given her a smartphone.

d.      Tya said that she was very happy that day because her father had given him a  smartphone.

Answer is “D”

Because : Tense pada direct adalah Simple present perfect (S + have/has + V3) berubah menjadi Simple past perfect tense (S + had + V3), Ket. waktu “today” berubah menjadi “that day” pada indirect.

10.   English teacher said to me, “I don’t teach English tomorrow”

English teacher said to me that ..

a.       She didn’t teach English the next day.

b.      I didn’t teach English the next day.

c.       She hasn’t teaching English the next day.

d.      She don’t teaching English the next day.

Answer is “A”

Because : Verb pada direct adalah simple present tense (S + V1). Pada indirect verb diubah menjadi simple past tense (S + V2), dan keterangan waktu “tomorrow” berubah menjadi “the next day”.

II.            Choose the right answer, changed of the indirect speech to the direct speech (statement) !

11.   Indirect   : Ridho said that he didn't have any money to pay for that train ticket.

Direct     : ...

a.       Ridho told, “I don’t has any money to pay for this train ticket."

b.      Ridho said, "I don't have any money to pay for this train ticket."

c.       Ridho said, He don’t have any money to pay for this train ticket.”

d.      Ridho said, “He was not have any money to pay for this train ticket.”

Answer is “B”

Because : Verb pada indirect yaitu Simple past tense (S + V2) dan Direct speech menjadi simple present tense (S + V1), dan keterangan objek “that” berbah menjadi “this”.

12.   Indirect   : He said that he was looking at the diagram.

Direct      : …

a.       He said, "I would be looking at the diagram."

b.      He said, "I was looking at the diagram."

c.       He said, "I was looked at the diagram."

d.      He said, "I am looking at the diagram."

Answer is “D”

Because : Verb tense pada indirect yaitu Simple present continous tense (S + to be + V1 ing) dan maka tense direct speech menjadi simple past continous tense (S + was/were + V1 ing).

13.   Indirect   : The children said that they would build a sand-castle themselves.

Direct      : The children said, …

a.       "We will build a sand-castle ourselves."

b.      "We were building a sand-castle ourselves."

c.       "They  willl building a sand-castle ourselves."

d.      "We builds a sand-castle ourselves."

Answer is “A”

Because : Verb pada indirect yaitu Simple past future tense (S + would + V1) dan Direct speech menjadi simple future tense (S + will + V1).

14.   Indirect   : Jill said that Jack had to give his statement to her.

Direct      : Jill said, …

a.       "Jack would give his statement to me."

b.      "Jack must give me statement to his."

c.       "Jack must gave his statement to me."

d.      "Jack must give his statement to me."

Answer is “D”

Because : Verb pada indirect yaitu Simple past tense (S + V2) dan Direct speech menjadi simple present tense (S + V1). Pada indirect terdapat keyword “had to” merupakan hasil perubahan dari kata “must” pada direct speech.

15.   Indirect   : Carl said that I might meet them the following month.

Direct      : Carl said, …

a.       "You might meet them next month."

b.      "I might may meet them next month."

c.       "You may meet them next month."

d.      "You may to meet them next month."

Answer is “C”

Because : Tense pada indirect yaitu Simple past tense (S + V2) dan Direct speech menjadi simple present tense (S + V1), dan keterangan waktu “following month” berubah menjadi “next month”. Ada keyword “might” merupakan hasil perubahan dari kata “may” pada direct speech.

16.   Indirect   : She told that she had been sewing from morning until then

Direct      : She told, ..

a.       "I have sewing from morning until now."

b.      "I have been sewing from morning until now."

c.       "I have be see from morning until now."

d.      "She have been sewing from morning until now."

Answer is “B”

Because : Verb pada indirect yaitu Simple past perfect continous tense (S + had been + V1 ing) dan Direct speech menjadi simple present perfect continous tense (S + has been + V1 ing), dan keterangan “then” berubah menjadi “now”.

17.   Indirect   : Dina said She had a homework that day.

 Direct     : Dina said, …

a.       " I have been a homework today”.

b.      " I have a homework today”.

c.       " She has a homework today”.

d.      " She had been a homework today”.

Answer is “B”

Because : Tense pada indirect yaitu Simple past tense (S + V2) dan Direct speech menjadi simple present tense (S + V1), keterangan waktu “that day” berubah menjadi “today”.

18.   Indirect   : Puspa said that her mother had invited me to their house

Direct      : …

                 a.       “My mother has been invited you to our home” Puspa said.

                 b.      “My mother has inviting you to our home” Puspa said.

                 c.       “Your mother has invited you to our home” Puspa said.

                 d.      “My mother has invited you to our home” Puspa said.

Answer is “D”

Because : Verb pada indirect yaitu Simple past  perfect tense (S + had + V3) dan Direct speech menjadi Simple present perfect tense (S + has + V3).

19.   Indirect   : John said that he had phoned the police.

Direct      : …

a.       "I have phon the police," John said.

b.      "I have been phoned the police," John said.

c.       "He have phoned the police," John said.

d.      "I have phoned the police," John said.

Answer is “C”

Because : Verb pada indirect yaitu Simple past  perfect tense (S + had + V3) dan Direct speech menjadi Simple present perfect tense (S + has/have + V3).

20.   Indirect   : Mary said to me that she had been sick the day before.

Direct      : Mary said to me, …

a.       ” I was sick yesterday.”

b.      ” I has sick yesterday.”

c.       ” I were sick yesterday.”

d.      ” I was sick the day before.”

Answer is “A”

Because : Verb pada indirect yaitu Simple past perfect continous tense (S + had been + V1 ing) dan Direct speech menjadi simple present perfect continous tense (S + was + V1), dan keterangan “the day before” berubah menjadi “yesterday”.